Table 4-3 of Storm Drain Handbook – August 2000 Values are based on 2 inches of construction tolerance, structures with 8-inch walls and concrete pipe dimensions. Use Round Structure or Rearrange Pipes if these Angles are Exceeded. MAXIMUM ANGLE (SKEW) INTO A RECTANGULAR STRUCTURE. Table 10.2 is a chart to be used as a general guide, with the satisfactory use of the part. The tighter the tolerance, the more tolerances achievable by the indicated machining processes.

• Tolerance Table In Inches
• Tolerance Table In Inch Size
• Tolerance Table In Inch To Mm

The Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) has developed tolerance tables with ranges to provide communication between user and provider across a wide range of industries. These are helpful when designing and producing a part. You can also consult the RMA article on factors affecting tolerances of molded rubber products.

• RMA Molded Tolerances
• RMA Extrusion Tolerances
  • Table 12.
    Summary of RMA Drawing Designations Extruded Rubber Products
  • Table 13.
    Standard Cross-Sectional Tolerance
  • Table 16.
    Cut Length tolerance for unspliced extrusion
  • Table 18.
    Spliced Length Tolerances
  • Table 20.
    Tolerances on Internal Dimensions of Mandrel-Supported Extrusions

Metric Tolerances (mm)

Inch Tolerances (in)

Table 12. Summary of RMA Drawing
Designations Extruded Rubber Products

Table 13. Standard Cross-Sectional Tolerance

Table 16. Cut Length tolerance for unspliced extrusion

Table 18. Spliced Length Tolerances

Table 20. Tolerances on Internal Dimensions
of Mandrel-Supported Extrusions

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Virginia buttonweed (Diodia virginiana L.) is atroublesome broadleaf weed in turfgrass throughoutthe southeastern United States. Virginia buttonweedis a deep-rooted perennial with prostrate or spreadingbranches. It usually proliferates in moist to wet areasand can tolerate mowing heights as low as one-halfinch. The species is a member of the Rubiaceae familyand is found from New Jersey, west to Missouri andsouth into the Gulf Coast states.

Virginia buttonweed leaves are slightly thickened,opposite without petioles and slightly rough along themargins (Picture 1). Leaves are green on the upper surface,light green on the lower surface and often have amottled yellow mosaic appearance caused by a virusthat commonly infects foliage (Picture 2). Branchedstems are occasionally hairy (Picture 3) and reproductionoccurs via seeds, roots or stem fragments. Flowersare white with four star-shaped petals, which sometimeshave pink streaks in the center and two sepals.Fruit are green, elliptically shaped, hairy and ridged.

Cultural Control

Removing Virginia buttonweed by hand is often ineffectivebecause creeping roots or fragments left behindmay establish a viable plant. Several cultural practicescan be utilized to control or reduce pressure of Virginiabuttonweed in lawns. Deep and infrequent irrigationencourages turfgrass root development, which mayimprove the ability of desired grasses to compete withperennial weeds in mixed stands. Withholding wateruntil desirable grasses exhibit initial drought stresssymptoms can help reduce soil moisture for potentialweed infestations. Overwatering or excessive rainfallduring growing periods may predispose the site to theinvasion of Virginia buttonweed.

Practices that promote soil compaction should beavoided to promote turfgrass growth and competitionwith Virginia buttonweed populations. If possible, turfmanagers should redirect traffic away from stressedareas to help promote turfgrass recovery over thinnedareas. Core aerifications should be conducted duringactive turf growth and favorable periods for quickrecovery. Voids left in turf with exposed soil followingaerifications may permit weed invasion duringperiods of peak germination. For tall fescue, aerificiationsshould be timed in early fall once the grass hasrecovered from summer stresses. Warm-season grassesshould only be aerified during active growth to promoterecovery. Early spring aerification may predisposelawns to summer annual weed establishmentsince the grasses are not able to fill in voids in a timelymanner.

Mowing height, frequency and equipment requirementsvary among turfgrass species and practitionersshould maintain turf under appropriate regimes forsuccessful long-term culture (Table 1). Raising themowing height during peak establishment of Virginiabuttonweed may encourage turf competitionand reduce potential infestations. Turfgrasses shouldalso be mowed frequently during periods of vigorousgrowth to prevent scalping, which thins out turf andmay enable weeds to establish. While returning clippingsis recommended to recycle nutrients to the soil,removal of clippings may be useful to reduce furtherinfestations of lawns with Virginia buttonweed seedand runners.

Preemergence Herbicides

Most preemergence herbicides provide poor control(< 70%) of Virginia buttonweed in turf. Virginia buttonweed plants emerging from vegetative structureswill not be controlled by currently available preemergencechemistries. Some preemergence herbicides,such as indaziflam (Specticle), isoxaben (Gallery) andoxadiazon (Ronstar), have the potential to control Virginiabuttonweed emerging from seed, but results areoften inconsistent.

Postemergence Herbicides

Several postemergence herbicides effectively controlVirginia buttonweed in turfgrass. Sulfonylurea herbicides arewidely used in turf for controlling cool-seasongrasses, broadleaf weeds, and sedges. Sulfonylureasinhibit branch-chain amino acid synthesis andare popular herbicides for postemergence weed controlin warm-season grasses. Chlorsufluron (Corsair),metsulfuron (Manor, others) and trifloxysulfuron(Monument) are sulfonylureas for use in Southernlawns with activity on Virginia buttonweed (Table 2).Efficacy of these herbicides is generally greater underwarm temperatures in summer, compared to spring,and repeat applications are often necessary for controllingVirginia buttonweed.

Trifloxysulfuron is the most effective sulfonylureafor Virginia buttonweed and may be safely appliedto bermudagrass and zoysiagrass. Trifloxysulfurontreatments may provide good control (80 to 89%)of Virginia buttonweed and repeat applications havepotential to provide complete control. Chlorsulfuron(Corsair) is generally less efficacious on Virginia buttonweedthan trifloxysulfuron, but repeat applications may suppresspopulations. Most warm-season grasses have intermediate tolerance to chlorsulfuron (Table 3) and may be discolored or slightly injured following applications.

Metsulfuron is widely used in southern lawns andmost major warm-season grasses have good toleranceto treatments. Metsulfuron (60WG) applicationsfrom 0.25 to 0.5 oz. of product per acre can effectivelycontrol annual broadleaf weeds but repeat applicationsonly provide fair activity (70 to 79% control) onVirginia buttonweed. Blindside contains metsulfuron+ sulfentrazone and two applications have been shownto provide better control of Virginia buttonweed thanmetsulfuron alone. Tall fescue and other cool-seasongrasses are susceptible to chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron,and trifloxysulfuron at application regimens and rates required for effective Virginia buttonweed control. Theaddition of a non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% vol/vol isrecommended to facilitate spray retention and absorptionof these herbicides.

Celsius is a combination product that contains asulfonylurea, iodosulfuron, with thiencarbazone anddicamba. Single applications of Celsius have beenshown to provide good to excellent control (80 to100%) of Virginia buttonweed (Table 2). Celsius maybe applied to control grassy and broadleaf weeds inbermudagrass, centipedegrass, St. Augustinegrass andzoysiagrass or lawns with mixtures of these species.Celsius controls other troublesome weeds includingbull paspalum, doveweed and spotted spurge. Tribute Total is another combination product that contains three ALS-inhibitors including thiencarbazone, foramsulfuron, and halosulfuron. It can only be applied to bermudagrass and zoysiagrassturf. Sequential applications at 3.2 oz/acre four to six weeks after initial treatments may be needed to control Virginia buttonweed regrowth.

The addition of synthetic auxin herbicides, such asdicamba, with sulfonylurea herbicides may improveactivity for Virginia buttonweed control. Dicambais a benzoic acid herbicide commonly found in prepackagedmixtures with 2,4-D and other broadleafherbicides. Individual components of these mixtureproducts have fair activity when applied alone andcombination products are generally more effective forVirginia buttonweed control (Table 2). These formulatedmixture products, such as Trimec Classic andTriplet, are generally the most commonly used herbicidesfor Virginia buttonweed control in tall fescue.However, multiple applications may be needed andshould not be applied if tall fescue is under significantsummer stress. Other combination products containingsynthetic auxins that provide good control of Virginiabuttonweed in tall fescue include clopyralid + triclopyr(Confront), quinclorac + 2,4-D + dicamba +MCPP (Q4 Plus) and fluroxypyr + 2,4-D + dicamba(Escalade).

See Table 2 for a list of active ingredients labeled foruse in turf and efficacy ratings for postemergenceVirginia buttonweed control. See Table 3 for turfgrasstolerance levels to preemergence and postemergenceherbicides for Virginia buttonweed control.

Tolerance Table In Inches

Table 1. Mowing requirements for lawns in Georgia.

Table 2. Efficacy of postemergence herbicides for Virginia buttonweed control in turfgrass.

Table 3. Turfgrass tolerance to herbicides for Virginia buttonweed control.

Tolerance Table In Inch Size

Tolerance Table In Inch To Mm

Status and Revision History
Published on Jan 23, 2012
Published with Minor Revisions on Sep 01, 2016